Definisi, Jenis, Contoh, dan Fungsi Preposition

 

Preposition, atau kata depan merupakan bagian dari Parts of Speech yang sangat penting. Karena preposition biasanya digunakan di depan noun (kata benda) atau pronoun (kata ganti) dan menunjukkan hubungan antara kedua kata tersebut dengan kata lainnya dalam sebuah kalimat. Mereka dapat menggambarkan posisi, waktu, cara sesuatu dilakukan, dan lain sebagainya. Berikut akan dipaparkan pengertian, jenis, contoh, dan fungsi preposition.

Pengertian Preposition

Preposition atau kata depan adalah kata yang diletakkan sebelum noun, pronoun, noun phrase, noun clause, dan gerund (objects of preposition). Pola:

Preposition + noun, pron, NP, N Cl, V-ing

Contoh:

He likes listening to music. To (preposition) diikuti oleh music yang berkelas kata noun.

Let’s wait for her to come. Preposisi for mengawali pronoun her.

My house is beside the church. Beside, yang berkelas kata preposition, mengawali the church (noun phrase).

I have no idea of what you’re going to do. Of juga termasuk preposition, dan what you’re going to do merupakan noun clause.

Her sister is awfully keen on watching movies. On memiliki kelas kata preposition, dan watching berupa gerund (V-ing).

Dari kalimat di atas dapat dilihat bahwa preposition diikuti oleh objeknya, yang dapat berupa noun, pronoun, noun phrase, noun clause, ataupun gerund.

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Bentuk Preposition

Berikut jenis dan contoh preposition dalam bahasa Inggris.

A. One-Word Prepositions

Preposition yang terdiri dari satu kata memiliki dua bentuk:

1. Tanpa akhiran -ing

   aboard	before	during	off	throughout
   about	behind	except (for)	on	till
   above	below	for	opposite	to
   across	beneath	from	out (of)	toward(s)
   after	beside***	in	outside	under
   against	besides****	inside	over	underneath
   along (side)	between	into	past	until
   amid (= amidst)	beyond	less	per	up
   among*	but	like	plus	versus (= against)
   around**	by	minus	re	via (= by way of)
   At	despite	near	since	with
   Atop (= on top of)	down	of	through	without

   * Amongst lebih disukai di BE.
   ** Bentuk informalnya adalah round.
   *** Beside mempunyai arti “disamping” secara fisik, contoh: She sat beside me.
   **** Besides mempunyai arti “disamping” TIDAK secara fisik, contoh: She likes shopping besides sightseeing.

2. Dengan akhiran -ing
   

   baring	during	including	regarding	touching
   concerning	excepting	notwithstanding	respecting
   considering	excluding	pending	saving

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B. Two-Word Prepositions

Preposition yang terdiri dari dua kata meliputi:

1. Dengan OF

   ahead of	exclusive of	irrespective of	east (west, south, north) of
   apropos of	inclusive of	regardless of
   because of	instead of	short of

2. Dengan TO
   

   according to	on to (= onto)	relative to
   antecedent to	owing to	subject to
   as to	previous (ly) to	subsequent (ly) to
   contrary to	prior to	thanks to
   counter to	pursuant to	up to
   due to	next to

3. Dengan WITH
   

   along with

   concurrently with

   together with

4. Dengan FOR
   

   as for	except (for)	save (for)
   but (for)

5. Dengan FROM
   

   apart from

   aside from

   away from

6. Dengan UP
   

   up against	up till	up to
   up at	up until

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C. More-than-Two-Word Prepositions

Preposition yang terdiri dari tiga kata atau lebih meliputi:

PREPOSITION			PREPOSITION
by	dint means order reason virtue way	of	on the	face occasion part point strength top	of
at the	cost hands point risk	of	as a	consequence result	of
with the	exception purpose	of	in	accordance addition advance back care case comparison connection contrast favor front lieu proportion regard respect return spite	with to of of of of with with with of of of to to to for of
with	an eye a view	to	in (the)	course event face light process	of
for	fear lack want	of	in the	middle (midst)	of
for the	benefit purpose sake	of	In	common compliance search recognition default opposition	with with of of of to
with	reference regard respect	to	on	account behalf pain	of

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Jenis dan Contoh Preposition

Berikut jenis dan contoh preposition dalam bahasa Inggris.

A. Free and Bound Prepositions

Berdasarkan jenisnya, preposition dikelompokkan menjadi dua, yaitu:

1. Free Preposition (bebas)

   Free preposition adalah preposisi yang penggunaannya tidak terikat dengan kata-kata tertentu atau, dengan kata lain, yang dapat digunakan secara bebas. Yang termasuk ke dalam kelompok ini adalah preposisi yang disebutkan di muka. Contoh:

   I’m sitting on a bench. The grass over the hill looks greener. He was willing to sacrifice anything for the sake of his family.

2. Bound Preposition (terikat)
   

   Bound preposition adalah preposisi yang mempunyai aturan dalam penggunaannya. Preposisi ini digunakan terikat dengan kata-kata tertentu seperti: verb, noun, dan adjective.
   

   
   a) verb + prep

   VERB + PREP

   Contoh:

   accuse sb* of apologize (to sb) for apply to sb/ for sth** ask for/ about attend to beg for believe in beware of change sb with compare sth with comply with comform to consist of deal in depend on dream of fight with sb for fine sb for hope for

   insist on live on (food/ money) long for object to occur to persist in prefer sb/ sth to sb/ sth prepare for quarrel with sb about refer to rely on remain sb of resort to succeed in suspect sb of think of/ about wait for warn sb of/ about wish for

   * sb = somebody
   ** sth = something

   Do you believe in ghosts? They were charged with receiving stolen goods. You haven’t complied with the regulations. For a week she lived on bananas and milk. It never occured to me to insure the house. They persist in defying the law. When arguments failed he resorted to threats.

   b) noun + prep

   NOUN + PREP

   Contoh:

   choice of excuse for intention of

   method for possibility for reason for

   George has no excuse for dropping out the school. There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price. There is no reason for leaving this early. Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.

   c) adj + prep

   ADJ + PREP

   Contoh:

   absorbed in accustomed to afraid of anxious of/ about ashamed of aware of bad at/ for capable of confident of exposed to fit for fond of frightened of/ at good at/ for interested in

   keen on liable for/ to nervous of pleased with prepared for proud of ready for responsible for/ to scared of sorry for/ about successful in suspicious of terrified of tired of used to

   He was absorbed in his book. She is afraid/ frightened/ scared of the dark. He is bad/ good at chess. (a bad/ good player)

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Perbedaan Preposition dan Adverb

Dalam bahasa Inggris, ada banyak kata yang termasuk preposisi dan sekaligus adverb. Untuk membedakannya yaitu: preposisi apabila diikuti oleh objek preposisi (noun, pronoun NP, N Cl, dan gerund), dan adverb apabila sebagai kata akhir atau diikuti komponen selain objek preposisi. Contoh:

Preposition: He fell down the stairs. Please come in the house. He got off the bus at the corner.

Adverb: He fell down. Please come in. He got off at the corner.

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Fungsi Preposition

Secara garis besar, fungsi preposition dalam bahasa Inggris adalah sebagai penanda:

1. Time (waktu)

   That shop opens at 7.00 a.m.

2. Place and direction (tempat dan arah)

   She was born in Sydney.

3. Agent (pelaku)

   This novel was written by Harper Lee.

4. Instrument (alat)

   I can make calligraphy with a brush.